What is Canine Distemper?
Canine distemper is a highly infectious viral disease that affects dogs. In some cases, it causes only mild signs, but in others it can be fatal. Vaccination has significantly reduced the prevalence of the disease in many countries, yet outbreaks still occur, particularly in large cities with unvaccinated dogs. In some nations, such as Finland, distemper remains a major cause of death in dogs.
Which Dogs are at Risk?
Puppies under one year old are most commonly affected. Dogs that have not been vaccinated or have weakened immune systems are also at risk.
How is Canine Distemper Spread?
The virus is mainly transmitted through inhalation of aerosol droplets from close dog-to-dog contact. Signs may take up to three weeks to appear. The virus does not survive long in the environment and can be destroyed by most household disinfectants.
What Causes Canine Distemper?
Canine distemper is caused by a morbillivirus, a type of virus related to the measles virus in humans. Different strains may vary in severity, but vaccination protects dogs against all known strains.
Signs and Symptoms of Canine Distemper
Early signs are typically respiratory, including:
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Runny eyes and nose
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Coughing
These may be followed by:
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Lethargy
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Loss of appetite
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Vomiting
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Diarrhoea
In later stages, dogs may develop thickened foot pads and nose, a condition known as ‘hard pad’. Survivors can also experience serious neurological symptoms, such as seizures.
Vets diagnose distemper based on clinical signs, vaccination history, and examination. Blood tests may reveal a severe drop in white blood cells and sometimes the presence of viral bodies, helping to confirm infection.
Prevention of Canine Distemper
Vaccination is the most effective protection. Puppies born to vaccinated mothers receive maternal antibodies that protect them in the first few weeks of life. Once these antibodies decline, puppies become vulnerable and require vaccination according to your vet’s schedule.
Some vaccines now offer immunity for up to three years, providing long-term protection against the virus.
Treatment of Canine Distemper
There is no specific cure for canine distemper. Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, can help manage dehydration caused by vomiting and diarrhoea. The best protection remains preventative vaccination.